This website is a tool to make sense of the wicked problem of the second egress in Canada and prepare a building code change.
The first section documents the history of the building code and two means of egress in Canada, situates this issue within the imperative of missing middle densification and calls upon architects to challenge the legislative conditions of their work.
The next section compares
jurisdictions to better understand the Canadian code relative to its peers, followed by the proposed code change.
The last section reimagines what could and should be built if it were legal, and illustrating these opportunities with several case studies in alternative circulation.The Manual of Illegal Floor Plans is a collection of single stair residential projects that are not permitted to be built in Canada, serving as reference library to reconsider the requirement for a second egress.
Timeline
February 27, 2023
Toon Dreessen, architect and former president of the Ontario Association of Architects, writes ‘Canada’s building codes and standards need to get with the times’ for the Globe and Mail.
February 17, 2023
Conrad Speckert writes ‘The Curse of the Double-Loaded Corridor’ for Urban Progress, a Toronto-based quarterly print magazine that explores issues related to urban growth and development.
January 19, 2023
The Second Egress is published in Cellar Architectural Journal, a student-run publication dedicated to space, design, and architecture-based research at McGill University.
January 6, 2023
Lloyd Alter
features this code change proposal in the article ‘This Parisian Apartment Building Could Only Work With Single Stairs’.
December 26, 2022
Lloyd Alter writes about the possibilities of single stair reform and mass timber construction in the article ‘Australian Apartment Shows How Single Stairs Make Small Buildings Better’.
December 20, 2022
The Niskanen Center think tank publishes a commentary on housing policy titled ‘How to build more family-sized apartments’ recommending land use and building code reforms “to eliminate barriers to multi-bedroom apartment construction”.
December 15, 2022
The State of Montana Governor’s Housing Task Force submits ‘Recommendations and Strategies to Increase the Supply of Affordable, Attainable Workforce Housing’ including to “update state building code to allow for single-stair midrise (up
to six stories) apartment buildings, also known as point access blocks, that meet
appropriate fire safety requirements.”
October 5, 2022
The UCLA Lewis Center hosts Beyond Zoning: Building Circulation Reform and Infill Housing, a panelist discussion on “the
impacts of North American egress requirements on housing costs, location, and design”.
September 2022
The City of Toronto Expanding Housing Options in Neighbourhoods (EHON) planning study releases findings of the Beaches-East York Missing Middle Pilot Project documenting the access/egress challenges with this scale of development, including single stair designs by Dubbeldam Architecture + Design.
August 23, 2022
The Vivre-en-ville Quebec housing advocacy organization publishes a report entitled POURTES OUVERTES:
Pour une Sortie de Crise Durable en Habitation [OPEN DOORS: for a sustainable way out of the housing crisis] featuring this research on page 54.
August 8, 2022
The NFPA Journal publishes its quarterly overview of timely topics titled ‘In Compliance’ with a section commeting on single-exit design in multistory apartment buildings.
July 25, 2022
The Mercatus Center think tank at George Mason University publishes Housing Reform in the States: A Menu of Options for 2023, including single stair reform under Option 16: “Allow Skinny Apartment Buildings”.
April 18, 2022
Code Change Requests submitted to the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes to allow for single egress in multi-unit residential buildings up to six storeys in Part 3, and up to three storeys in Part 9, of the National Building Code of Canada.
April 12, 2022
March 30, 2022
The Ontario Minster of Municipal Affairs and Housing announces legislation titled ‘More Homes for Everyone’ including a proposed change to the Ontario Building Code:
“facilitate more
infill and low rise multi-unit housing by exploring opportunities to allow for
single means of egress in four to six storey residential buildings, while
continuing to protect public health and safety.”
Alex Bozikovic writes in the Globe and Mail, “it will study changing the building code to allow single-staircase apartment buildings – which sounds boring, but would open up enormous possibilities for small and midsized buildings in our cities. Small infill is a crucial part of providing more housing, and more diverse cities.”
Alex Bozikovic writes in the Globe and Mail, “it will study changing the building code to allow single-staircase apartment buildings – which sounds boring, but would open up enormous possibilities for small and midsized buildings in our cities. Small infill is a crucial part of providing more housing, and more diverse cities.”
March 24, 2022
Blair Scorgie speaks about the code change during a panel discussion at the Urban Land Institute: ULI Toronto: Ontario Building Code Review & Carbon Reduction: Right direction?.
March 15, 2022
Michael Eliason gives an online lecture on single stair buildings for the Passive House Network: PHN Presents: Optimizing Form & Function: Meet Single Point Access Blocks, an old-new tool in sustainable place making.
February 8, 2022
Ontario Housing Affordability Task Force report to the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing published, including recommendation (3b) to “modernize the building code and other policies
to remove any barriers to affordable construction
and to ensure meaningful implementation
(e.g., allow single-staircase construction for
up to four storeys, allow single egress, etc.).”
February 7, 2022
Craig Ruttan (Housing Policy Advisor of the Toronto Board of Trade) recommends to “legalize single stair access for buildings up to six storeys” at the Urban Land Institue’s ‘The End of Exclusionary Zoning’ seminar.
January 28, 2022
A group of 45 architects, planners, developers and housing policy experts co-sign a letter to the Ontario Housing Affordability Task Force recommending a builiding code change to permit residential buildings of up to six storeys with a single exit stair.
December 28, 2021
Michael Eliason (Larch Lab) prepares a report entitled
“Unlocking livable, resilient, decarbonized housing with Point Access Blocks”
commissioned by the City of Vancouver.
December 23, 2021
Conrad Speckert and Michael Eliason interviewed
for Slate Magazine, A surprising theory of what’s wrong with North American apartment buildings by Henry Grabar.
December 20, 2021
Michael Eliason documents this website in Seattle’s Lead on Single Stair Buildings in The Urbanist planning, urbanism and housing policy journal.
December 15, 2021
Conrad Speckert presents this website as the final graduate research project of the Master of Architecture (M.Arch) degree at McGill University.
October 6-7, 2021
Michael Eliason delivers the keynote presentation emphasizing single stair apartment buildings at the
Vivre-en-ville conference on housing affordability in Montreal.
August 10, 2021
May 2021
Michael Evamy Scholarship 2021 awarded to Conrad Speckert for
“the study of how Canada’s egress code requirements might affect the affordability of the nation’s housing supply.”
January 4, 2021
Conrad Speckert writes The Second Egress: A Wicked Problem position paper for Professor Nik Luka at McGill University.
June 2019
Alex Bozikovic et al. publish House Divided: How the Missing Middle will Solve Toronto’s Affordability Crisis.
February 2019
The Ontario Association of Architects publishes a summary report entitled Housing Affordability in Growing Urban Areas including a recommendation for the building code to allow four storey residential buildings with a single stair.
January 22, 2004
Toronto architect Eb Zeidler (1926-2022) is interviewed about the problem of requiring two means of egress for mid-rise apartment buildings in “Stairway to a better Toronto”.
This website, including all data and information incorporated herein, is being provided for information purposes only and is not intended for and has not been approved for use for construction at any location. For certainty, the author provides no representation or warranty regarding any use of or reliance upon this website, including no representation or warranty that this website complies with applicable laws including any applicable building code requirements or municipal by-laws. Any use of or reliance upon this website by any person for any purpose shall be at such person’s sole risk and the author shall have no liability or responsibility for any such use of or reliance upon this website by any person for any purpose. Prior to any use of or reliance upon this website by any person for any purpose, consultation with a professional architect duly licensed in the applicable jurisdiction is strongly recommended.