Jurisdictions
Cite this image:
Speckert, C. (2022). Jurisdictions: Maximum Permitted Height for Single Stair Buildings [Infographic]. McGill School of Architecture. Retrieved from https://secondegress.ca/Jurisdictions
Jurisdiction
Maximum Building Height
Explanation of code interpretation and additional information regarding relevant restrictions to maximum floor area, occupancy load, travel distance, etc.
Explanation of code interpretation and additional information regarding relevant restrictions to maximum floor area, occupancy load, travel distance, etc.
Original Source Document
Code Section
Code Section
Note: Some jurisdictions have published a translation of their building code in English. Otherwise translations have been provided by a native speaker, Google Translation or have been interpreted via correspondence with a local architect.
Please refer to the original source documents for clarification and updated information.
United States (IBC)
3 Storeys
The US model building code permits single exits in apartment buildings (R-2 occupancy) of not more than three storeys in building height, with a maximum of 4 dwelling units per storey. The building must be sprinklered throughout (NFPA 13-R).
Each state and some cities have their own building codes, New York City, the City of Seattle and State of Hawaii allow for single exit conditions in buildings of up to 6 storeys with a single exit.
Seattle Building Code 2018 - Chapter 10: Means of Egress
Section 1006.3.3 Single exits
NYC Building Code 2014 - Chapter 10 Means of Egress (amended IBC 2009)
Section 1021.1 Single Exits
Hawaii State Building Code 2018 (amended IBC 2012)
The US model building code permits single exits in apartment buildings (R-2 occupancy) of not more than three storeys in building height, with a maximum of 4 dwelling units per storey. The building must be sprinklered throughout (NFPA 13-R).
Each state and some cities have their own building codes, New York City, the City of Seattle and State of Hawaii allow for single exit conditions in buildings of up to 6 storeys with a single exit.
Seattle Building Code 2018 - Chapter 10: Means of Egress
Section 1006.3.3 Single exits
NYC Building Code 2014 - Chapter 10 Means of Egress (amended IBC 2009)
Section 1021.1 Single Exits
5. Buildings of Group R-2 occupancy of construction Type I or II not exceeding six stories and not exceeding 2,000 square feet (186 m2) per story.
Hawaii State Building Code 2018 (amended IBC 2012)
(74) Amending Subsection 1021.2. Subsection 1021.2 is amended by replacing the exceptions with the following:
6. Not more than 5 stories of Group R-2 occupancy are permitted to be served by a single exit under the following conditions:
6.1 The building has not more than six stories above grade plane.
6.2 The building does not contain a boarding house.
6.3 There are no more than four dwelling units on any floor.
6.4 The building is of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction and equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Residential-type sprinklers must be used in all habitable spaces in each dwelling unit.
6.5 There are no more than two single exit stairway conditions on the same building.
6.6 An exterior stairway or interior exit stairway is provided. The interior exit stairway, including any related exit passageway, must be pressurized in accordance with Section 909.20. Doors in the stairway must swing into the interior exit stairway regardless of the occupant load served, provided that doors from the interior exit stairway to the building exterior are permitted to swing in the direction of exit travel.
6.7 A corridor separates each dwelling unit entry/exit door from the door to an interior exit stairway, including any related exit passageway, on each floor. Dwelling unit doors must not open directly into an interior exit stairway.Dwelling unit doors are permitted to open directly into an exterior stairway.
6.8 There are no more than 20 feet (6,096 mm) of travel to the exit stairway from the entry/exit door of any dwelling unit.
6.9 Travel distance measured in accordance with Section 1016 does not exceed 125 feet.
6.10 The exit does not terminate in an egress court where the court depth exceeds the court width unless it is possible to exit in either direction to the public way.
6.11 Elevators are pressurized in accordance with Section 909.21 or will open into elevator lobbies that comply with Section 713.14.1. Where approved by the building official, natural ventilation is permitted to be substituted for pressurization where the ventilation would prevent the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.
6.12 Other occupancies are permitted in the same building, provided they comply with all the requirements of this code. Other occupancies must not communicate with the Group R occupancy portion of the building or with the single-exit stairway.
Exception: Parking garages accessory to the Group R occupancy are permitted to communicate with the exit stairway.
6.13 The exit serving the Group R occupancy does not discharge through any other occupancy, including an accessory parking garage.
6.14 There will be no openings within 10 feet (3,048 mm) of unprotected openings into the stairway other than required exit doors having a one-hour fire-resistance rating.
6.15 The minimum width of this stairway is not less than 48 inches.
Australia
25m
The Building Code of Australia permits one exit for apartment buildings (Class 2 building) of not more than 25m in building height. ‘Fire-isolated’ (corridor separated) exit stairs are required for buildings of more than 3 storeys or 4 storeys where sprinklering or increased fire separation is provided. A maximum dead end travel distance of 6m applies.
The Building Code of Australia permits one exit for apartment buildings (Class 2 building) of not more than 25m in building height. ‘Fire-isolated’ (corridor separated) exit stairs are required for buildings of more than 3 storeys or 4 storeys where sprinklering or increased fire separation is provided. A maximum dead end travel distance of 6m applies.
Australian Building Codes Board
NCC Series 2015 (Vol. 1)
Class 2 to Class 9 Buildings
D1.2 Number of Exits
NCC Series 2015 (Vol. 1)
Class 2 to Class 9 Buildings
D1.2 Number of Exits
New Zealand
25m
The New Zealand Building Code permits one exit for apartment buildings (risk group SM) where the escape height is no greater than 25m if sprinklered, and 10m if unsprinklered. Dead-end limits on travel distance apply.
The New Zealand Building Code permits one exit for apartment buildings (risk group SM) where the escape height is no greater than 25m if sprinklered, and 10m if unsprinklered. Dead-end limits on travel distance apply.
United Kingdom ex Scotland
18m / 30m / No Maximum Height Limit
The United Kingdom does not set a maximum height limit for single stair in multi-unit residential buildings. Section 2.6 of the code establishes an occupancy load limit of 60 people per storey and Table 2.1 determines the maximum travel distance to the single stair. Office buildings can be single stair where the height of the uppermost occupied floor level does not exceed 11m above grade (Section 3.3).
Update (January 2023): In response to the Grenfell Tower inquiry, the Royal Institute of British Architects and London Fire Brigade submitted a request to further study the fire safety of single exit stair high-rise residential buildings. On December 23, 2022 the UK Government announced an open consultation to “introduce a threshold whereby residential buildings above 30 metres in height should be designed and built with 2 staircases.”
Update (July 2023): “The Housing Secretary, Michael Gove, announces that the UK government will require two staircases in all new residential high-rises taller than 18m.”
The United Kingdom does not set a maximum height limit for single stair in multi-unit residential buildings. Section 2.6 of the code establishes an occupancy load limit of 60 people per storey and Table 2.1 determines the maximum travel distance to the single stair. Office buildings can be single stair where the height of the uppermost occupied floor level does not exceed 11m above grade (Section 3.3).
Update (January 2023): In response to the Grenfell Tower inquiry, the Royal Institute of British Architects and London Fire Brigade submitted a request to further study the fire safety of single exit stair high-rise residential buildings. On December 23, 2022 the UK Government announced an open consultation to “introduce a threshold whereby residential buildings above 30 metres in height should be designed and built with 2 staircases.”
Update (July 2023): “The Housing Secretary, Michael Gove, announces that the UK government will require two staircases in all new residential high-rises taller than 18m.”
The Building Regulations 2010
Approved Document B, Fire Safety - Volume 2, 2019 Edition
2.6 Single escape routes and exits
2.9 Number of occupants and exits
Approved Document B, Fire Safety - Volume 2, 2019 Edition
2.6 Single escape routes and exits
2.9 Number of occupants and exits
Scotland
18m
Following the Grenfell disaster, Scotland reviewed the Building Standards on Fire Safety in Scotland and issued a recommendation for change to the guidance on escape (2.9).
“36. On the need for additional stairways there was no consensus amongst the Review Panel members. However the view of the chair, which was endorsed by all members of the international sub-group, was that there was a need to require at least two stairways in high rise domestic buildings with a storey at a height of 18m. This is firstly to provide an alternative in case of the failure of the first stairway and secondly to provide a route for escape if the other stairway is being used for fire-fighting operations. The height of 18m is currently used with in the Technical Handbooks and it was considered sensible to retain it as it is well known and relates to the ability of the fire service to intervene if absolutely necessary through the use of high reach appliances.”
“Recommendation 5 - Changes are needed to the simple guidance on escape. In particular, in domestic buildings over 18m there should be two stairways and fire service activated evacuation sounders in each flat.“
Building Standards Technical Handbook 2022: Domestic - Table 2.6 Escape routes from flats and maisonettes (including social housing dwellings) and any ancillary rooms
For buildings where the height of the topmost storey is more than 7.5m but not more than 18m above adjacent ground:
At least one escape route and
- protected lobbies (see clause 2.9.13), and
- smoke ventilation (see clause 2.9.14 – 2.9.16), and
- not more than 10m travel distance inside protected lobbies, or
At least two escape route [3] and
- not more than 30m travel distance in protected corridor
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Following the Grenfell disaster, Scotland reviewed the Building Standards on Fire Safety in Scotland and issued a recommendation for change to the guidance on escape (2.9).
“36. On the need for additional stairways there was no consensus amongst the Review Panel members. However the view of the chair, which was endorsed by all members of the international sub-group, was that there was a need to require at least two stairways in high rise domestic buildings with a storey at a height of 18m. This is firstly to provide an alternative in case of the failure of the first stairway and secondly to provide a route for escape if the other stairway is being used for fire-fighting operations. The height of 18m is currently used with in the Technical Handbooks and it was considered sensible to retain it as it is well known and relates to the ability of the fire service to intervene if absolutely necessary through the use of high reach appliances.”
“Recommendation 5 - Changes are needed to the simple guidance on escape. In particular, in domestic buildings over 18m there should be two stairways and fire service activated evacuation sounders in each flat.“
Building Standards Technical Handbook 2022: Domestic - Table 2.6 Escape routes from flats and maisonettes (including social housing dwellings) and any ancillary rooms
For buildings where the height of the topmost storey is more than 7.5m but not more than 18m above adjacent ground:
At least one escape route and
- protected lobbies (see clause 2.9.13), and
- smoke ventilation (see clause 2.9.14 – 2.9.16), and
- not more than 10m travel distance inside protected lobbies, or
At least two escape route [3] and
- not more than 30m travel distance in protected corridor
Scottish Government - Report of the Review Panel on Building Standards (Fire Safety) in Scotland, June 2018
Building Standards Technical Handbook 2022: Domestic
2.9 Escape
Table 2.6
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
Building Standards Technical Handbook 2022: Domestic
2.9 Escape
Table 2.6
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
Ireland
4 Storeys
Ireland permits a single escape stairway for apartment buildings where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 10m above ground level, and the occupancy load is not more than 50 people per storey.
Ireland permits a single escape stairway for apartment buildings where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 10m above ground level, and the occupancy load is not more than 50 people per storey.
Building Regulations 2006
Technical Guidance Document B - Fire Safety (reprinted 2020)
1.2.2.5 Single Escape Route
1.3.3 Single Escape Stairways
Technical Guidance Document B - Fire Safety (reprinted 2020)
1.2.2.5 Single Escape Route
1.3.3 Single Escape Stairways
Sweden
16 Storeys
Sweden permits one exit for class 3 (residential) buildings up to 16 storeys with a maximum occupant load of 50 people per storey and a maximum travel distance of 30m. Different requirements for the fire-protection rating/smoke-tightness standard of closures apply for buildings of not more than 8 storeys and buildings of more than 8 but not more than 16 storeys.
Sweden permits one exit for class 3 (residential) buildings up to 16 storeys with a maximum occupant load of 50 people per storey and a maximum travel distance of 30m. Different requirements for the fire-protection rating/smoke-tightness standard of closures apply for buildings of not more than 8 storeys and buildings of more than 8 but not more than 16 storeys.
5.322 Access to only one escape route
Denmark
45m
Denmark permits a single exit for multi-unit residential (category 4) buildings up to 45m in building height, with a maximum of 4 dwelling units per storey with direct access from the dwelling unit to the exit stair (no corridor separation). For building with floors more than 22m above ground, where the rescue openings cannot be reached by rescue ladder, a pressurized “security” stair with corridor separation is required and a maximum of 6 dwelling units per storey is allowed.
These are prescriptive, pre-approved conditions. According to a local architect, buildings over 45m in height require a performative code-compliance process and fire engineering consultations.
Denmark permits a single exit for multi-unit residential (category 4) buildings up to 45m in building height, with a maximum of 4 dwelling units per storey with direct access from the dwelling unit to the exit stair (no corridor separation). For building with floors more than 22m above ground, where the rescue openings cannot be reached by rescue ladder, a pressurized “security” stair with corridor separation is required and a maximum of 6 dwelling units per storey is allowed.
These are prescriptive, pre-approved conditions. According to a local architect, buildings over 45m in height require a performative code-compliance process and fire engineering consultations.
Bygningsreglementets vejledning til kapitel 5 – Brand
Bilag 2 - Præ-accepterede løsninger for etageboligbyggeri (2021)
2.3.2.2.1 Udgange fra brandceller som boligenhed
[Exits from fire cells as dwellings]
Bilag 2 - Præ-accepterede løsninger for etageboligbyggeri (2021)
2.3.2.2.1 Udgange fra brandceller som boligenhed
[Exits from fire cells as dwellings]
Norway
8 Storeys
Norway permits a single exit for multi-unit residential (risk class 4) buildings up to 8 storeys so long as each dwelling unit has an operable window or balcony for rescue and firefighting. A maximum travel distance of 15m from the dwelling unit entry door to the exit stair door applies.
Norway permits a single exit for multi-unit residential (risk class 4) buildings up to 8 storeys so long as each dwelling unit has an operable window or balcony for rescue and firefighting. A maximum travel distance of 15m from the dwelling unit entry door to the exit stair door applies.
Direktoratet for byggkvalitet
Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17)
IV Tilrettelegging for rømning og redning
§ 11-13 Utgang fra branncelle
[Exits from fire cells]
IV Tilrettelegging for rømning og redning
§ 11-13 Utgang fra branncelle
[Exits from fire cells]
France
50m
France permits a single exit for residential buildings up to 50m in building height. Two means of egress and additional life safety measures are required for high-rise buildings (immeuble de grande hauteur) exceeding this height.
France permits a single exit for residential buildings up to 50m in building height. Two means of egress and additional life safety measures are required for high-rise buildings (immeuble de grande hauteur) exceeding this height.
Belgium
25m
The Belgian code is subdivided by low-rise (under 10m), mid-rise (10m to 25m) and high-rise (over 25m) building heights. Belgium allows one exit for mid-rise buildings of not more than 25m in building height with a maximum occupant load of 50 people per fire compartment.
The Belgian code is subdivided by low-rise (under 10m), mid-rise (10m to 25m) and high-rise (over 25m) building heights. Belgium allows one exit for mid-rise buildings of not more than 25m in building height with a maximum occupant load of 50 people per fire compartment.
Basisnormen voor de Preventie van Brand en Ontploffing (2016),
Bijlage 3/1 Middelhoge Gebouwen [Mid-rise buildings]
2.2.1 Aantal uitgangen
[Number of Exits]
2.2.1 Aantal uitgangen
[Number of Exits]
Netherlands
5 Storeys (12.5m Finish Floor Level)
The Netherlands permits one exit for multi-unit residential building where the floor level of the uppermost storey is no more than 12.5m above grade (5 storeys), where the floor area served by the single exit does not exceed 800m2, with a maximum floor area per dwelling unit of 150m2. The Netherlands also permits one exit for multi-unit residential buildings where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 6m above grade (three storeys) with no more than 6 dwelling units served by the single exit.
Note: correspondence with a Dutch architect indicates that the 5 storey limit can be exceeded by providing a ‘safety escape route’ [Veiligheidsvluchtroute], such an escape route is separated by a non-enclosed exterior gallery to prevent the passage of smoke into a single staircase (see diagram below).
As a recent example, the multi-unit residential building BBSH20A in Amsterdam (completed in 2021), by Olaf Gisper Architects is a 10 storey mass timber design with 29 dwelling units and a ‘safety escape route’ single exit stair.
https://olafgipser.com/projects/residential-building-bsh/#1
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The Netherlands permits one exit for multi-unit residential building where the floor level of the uppermost storey is no more than 12.5m above grade (5 storeys), where the floor area served by the single exit does not exceed 800m2, with a maximum floor area per dwelling unit of 150m2. The Netherlands also permits one exit for multi-unit residential buildings where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 6m above grade (three storeys) with no more than 6 dwelling units served by the single exit.
Note: correspondence with a Dutch architect indicates that the 5 storey limit can be exceeded by providing a ‘safety escape route’ [Veiligheidsvluchtroute], such an escape route is separated by a non-enclosed exterior gallery to prevent the passage of smoke into a single staircase (see diagram below).
As a recent example, the multi-unit residential building BBSH20A in Amsterdam (completed in 2021), by Olaf Gisper Architects is a 10 storey mass timber design with 29 dwelling units and a ‘safety escape route’ single exit stair.
https://olafgipser.com/projects/residential-building-bsh/#1
Germany
60m
Germany permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 60m in building height. Buildings over 22m with a single exit stair require additional fire safety measures including the fire separation and pressurization of the single exit stair as safety stair (Sicherheitstreppenraum) and assembly fire ratings of at least 120 minutes. An additional firefighting elevator is typically required for buildings over 30m in height.
The model high-rise building code applies to high-rise buildings over 22m in building height and is prepared by the federal “Bauministerkonferenz” (assembly of construction ministers) tasked with establishing the model code referenced by the 16 individual states within Germany.
Germany permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 60m in building height. Buildings over 22m with a single exit stair require additional fire safety measures including the fire separation and pressurization of the single exit stair as safety stair (Sicherheitstreppenraum) and assembly fire ratings of at least 120 minutes. An additional firefighting elevator is typically required for buildings over 30m in height.
The model high-rise building code applies to high-rise buildings over 22m in building height and is prepared by the federal “Bauministerkonferenz” (assembly of construction ministers) tasked with establishing the model code referenced by the 16 individual states within Germany.
Muster-Richtlinie
über den Bau und Betrieb von Hochhäusern Muster-Hochhaus-Richtlinie - MHHR 2008
[Model High-rise Building Code]
4.2 Notwendige Treppenräume, Sicherheitstreppenräume [Required stairs, Safety stairs]
Verified by Boris Stock
Dipl. Ing (FH), BFT Cognos
[Model High-rise Building Code]
4.2 Notwendige Treppenräume, Sicherheitstreppenräume [Required stairs, Safety stairs]
Verified by Boris Stock
Dipl. Ing (FH), BFT Cognos
Switzerland
No Maximum Height Limit
Switzerland permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings without a specified maximum building height with a 900m2 maximum floor area per storey, a maximum total travel distance of 35m and a maximum occupant load of 100 per floor area. Sprinklering is typically not required.
The association of cantonal fire insurance companies establishes the fire safety regulations across Switzerland.
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Switzerland permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings without a specified maximum building height with a 900m2 maximum floor area per storey, a maximum total travel distance of 35m and a maximum occupant load of 100 per floor area. Sprinklering is typically not required.
The association of cantonal fire insurance companies establishes the fire safety regulations across Switzerland.
Austria
32m
Austria permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 32m in building height. Maximum travel distances apply. Pressurization of the exit stair is required. The code distinguishes between buildings where the uppermost storey is not more than 32m above ground, between 32m and 90m above ground, and buildings more than 90m above ground.
Austria permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 32m in building height. Maximum travel distances apply. Pressurization of the exit stair is required. The code distinguishes between buildings where the uppermost storey is not more than 32m above ground, between 32m and 90m above ground, and buildings more than 90m above ground.
Poland
25m
Poland permits a single exit for medium-high multi-unit residential (Division ZL IV) buildings up to 25m in building height or of a maximum of 9 storeys above grade. A single exit is also permitted in residential buildings exceeding 25m in building height with additional life safety measures and a maximum floor area per storey of 750m2.
Poland permits a single exit for medium-high multi-unit residential (Division ZL IV) buildings up to 25m in building height or of a maximum of 9 storeys above grade. A single exit is also permitted in residential buildings exceeding 25m in building height with additional life safety measures and a maximum floor area per storey of 750m2.
Warunki techniczne, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie (2002)
[Technical conditions to be met by buildings and
their location]
Rozdział 4. Drogi ewakuacyjne [Chapter 4. Escape routes]
§ 246.
Rozdział 4. Drogi ewakuacyjne [Chapter 4. Escape routes]
§ 246.
Italy
80m
Italy permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 80m in building height with a maximum floor area per storey of 500m2. Further provisions for compartmentalization, elevator construction and fire ratings are required depending on building height between type a (12m to 24m), type b (24m to 32m), type c (32m to 54m), type d (54m to 80m), and type e (above 80m). Buildings above 80m in height require two stairs and helicopter rescue pad on the roof.
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Italy permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 80m in building height with a maximum floor area per storey of 500m2. Further provisions for compartmentalization, elevator construction and fire ratings are required depending on building height between type a (12m to 24m), type b (24m to 32m), type c (32m to 54m), type d (54m to 80m), and type e (above 80m). Buildings above 80m in height require two stairs and helicopter rescue pad on the roof.
D.M.
N. 246 del 16/05/1987 - Norme di sicurezza antincendi per gli edifici di civile
abitazione
[D.M.
N. 246 of 16/05/1987 Fire safety standards for residential buildings] (October
2020)
2. Caratteristiche Costruttive
2.0 Classificazione - Tabella A
2. Caratteristiche Costruttive
2.0 Classificazione - Tabella A
Spain
28m
Spain permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 28m in building height measured as the floor level of the uppermost storey, where the total occupancy load of the building is not more than 500 people. The exit stair must be protected (fire separated) for residential buildings over 14m in building height.
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Spain permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 28m in building height measured as the floor level of the uppermost storey, where the total occupancy load of the building is not more than 500 people. The exit stair must be protected (fire separated) for residential buildings over 14m in building height.
Código Técnico de la Edificación
Documento Básico SI - Seguridad en caso de Incendio (2019)
3 - Número de salidas y longitud de los recorridos de evacuación [Number of exits and length of evacuation routes]
Documento Básico SI - Seguridad en caso de Incendio (2019)
3 - Número de salidas y longitud de los recorridos de evacuación [Number of exits and length of evacuation routes]
Portugal
?
?
?
?
Kenya
6 Storeys
Kenya permits a single exit for any building up to 6 storeys in building height or where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 17m above grade.
Kenya permits a single exit for any building up to 6 storeys in building height or where the floor level of the uppermost storey is not more than 17m above grade.
Building Code of the Republic of Kenya (2009 Edition)
MM4.2 Means of Escape
MM4.2 Means of Escape
Uganda
Any Basement or Above Ground Storey
3.4.6.12
A building with a storey above or below the ground level shall be served by not less than two separate stairways; and the entrance to the emergency stairway shall not be less than 5.0 meters from the entrance to any other stairway.
3.4.6.12
A building with a storey above or below the ground level shall be served by not less than two separate stairways; and the entrance to the emergency stairway shall not be less than 5.0 meters from the entrance to any other stairway.
The Republic of Uganda - Building Control Regulations (amended August 2012)
3.4 Fire Protection
3.4.6. Escape Routes
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
3.4 Fire Protection
3.4.6. Escape Routes
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
South Africa
3 Storeys
South Africa permits a single exit for buildings up to 3 storeys in building height.
South Africa permits a single exit for buildings up to 3 storeys in building height.
Turkey
21.5m
Turkey permits a single exit for buildings with a height of not more than 21.50m.
Turkey permits a single exit for buildings with a height of not more than 21.50m.
United Arab Emirates
15m
The UAE permits a single exit for buildings up to 15m in building height where an automatic sprinkler system is provided, with a maximum floor area per storey of 500m2 and where there are not more than 4 dwelling units per storey.
The UAE permits a single exit for buildings up to 15m in building height where an automatic sprinkler system is provided, with a maximum floor area per storey of 500m2 and where there are not more than 4 dwelling units per storey.
UAE Fire & Life Safety Code of Practice - Chapter 3: Means of Egress
12.1.3 Single Exit Staircase Requirements
12.1.3 Single Exit Staircase Requirements
Israel
29m
The Israeli code permits a single exit for buildings not more than 29m in building height. Buildings up to 13m in height can have a single unprotected stair. The Israeli code also sets a maximum travel distance of 30m to the exit stair. Buildings exceeding 13m in height may have a single protected stair if residential use, or any use not exceeding a maximum occupancy load of 30 people per floor. All buildings regardless of occupancy exceeding 29m in building height require two stairs, one of which may be an exterior stair.
The Israeli code permits a single exit for buildings not more than 29m in building height. Buildings up to 13m in height can have a single unprotected stair. The Israeli code also sets a maximum travel distance of 30m to the exit stair. Buildings exceeding 13m in height may have a single protected stair if residential use, or any use not exceeding a maximum occupancy load of 30 people per floor. All buildings regardless of occupancy exceeding 29m in building height require two stairs, one of which may be an exterior stair.
תקנות התכנון והבניה
פרק ז': בניין גבוה ורב-קומות
חדר מדרגות מוגן ומדרגות חוץ בבניין גבוה תק' (מס' 3) תשס"ח-2008
Planning and Building Regulations, Chapter 7: A tall, high-rise building - Protected staircase and exterior stairs in a high-rise building, (No. 3), 2008
פרק ז': בניין גבוה ורב-קומות
חדר מדרגות מוגן ומדרגות חוץ בבניין גבוה תק' (מס' 3) תשס"ח-2008
Planning and Building Regulations, Chapter 7: A tall, high-rise building - Protected staircase and exterior stairs in a high-rise building, (No. 3), 2008
Iran
30m / 6 Storeys
3.1.10.2.4. - In the following cases, each residential unit can exceptionally access only one exit. A single exit is allowed for buildings up to 23m in height with maximum 2 dwelling units per floor, in which the stair must be fire rated.
According to a local architect, the fire regulations were amended in 2019 to permit a maximum height of 30m, or 6 storeys above ground, in which the stair must be ventilated, the building sprinklered, and a maximum of 3 dwelling units per floor.
3.1.10.2.4. - In the following cases, each residential unit can exceptionally access only one exit. A single exit is allowed for buildings up to 23m in height with maximum 2 dwelling units per floor, in which the stair must be fire rated.
According to a local architect, the fire regulations were amended in 2019 to permit a maximum height of 30m, or 6 storeys above ground, in which the stair must be ventilated, the building sprinklered, and a maximum of 3 dwelling units per floor.
مقررات ملّی ساختمان ایران / مبحث سوم
حفاظت ساختمانها در مقابل حریق
National Building Regulations of Iran (2017) - Chapter 3 - Fire Protection of Buildings
حفاظت ساختمانها در مقابل حریق
National Building Regulations of Iran (2017) - Chapter 3 - Fire Protection of Buildings
Saudi Arabia
3 Storeys
8.18.2 (c) - Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7.3 of SBC 801 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 8.25 shall have a maximum height of three stories above grade, or as agreed by the local municipality.”
8.18.2 (c) - Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7.3 of SBC 801 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 8.25 shall have a maximum height of three stories above grade, or as agreed by the local municipality.”
Saudi Building Code 2007
Chapter 8 - Means of Egress
Table 8.18.2 - Buildings with One Exit
Chapter 8 - Means of Egress
Table 8.18.2 - Buildings with One Exit
India
15m
India permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 15m in building height with a maximum floor area of 500m2 per storey.
India permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 15m in building height with a maximum floor area of 500m2 per storey.
National Building Code of India 2005, SP 7 (Group 1)
4.6.2 Number of Exits
4.6.2 Number of Exits
China
18 Storeys
China permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 18 storeys in building height with a maximum floor area of 650m2 per storey. A maximum travel distance of 15m from the dwelling unit door to the exit applies for buildings less than 10 storeys in height, which is shortened to a maximum travel distance of 10m for buildings between 10 and 18 storeys in height.
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China permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings up to 18 storeys in building height with a maximum floor area of 650m2 per storey. A maximum travel distance of 15m from the dwelling unit door to the exit applies for buildings less than 10 storeys in height, which is shortened to a maximum travel distance of 10m for buildings between 10 and 18 storeys in height.
National Standard of the People’s Republic of China - GB
50368-2005, Residential Building Code
Section 9.5.1
Section 9.5.1
South Korea
No Maximum Height Limit
South Korea does not set a maximum building height for multi-unit residential buildings with a single exit stair. The code limits single exit stair conditions only based on horizontal limits, including a maximum inhabited floor area of 300m2 per storey and no more than 3 dwelling units per storey and travel distance limits. Article 35 requires the single exit stair to be a ‘firefighting’ stair (safe evacuation stair) for apartment buildings of 16 or more storeys.
South Korea does not set a maximum building height for multi-unit residential buildings with a single exit stair. The code limits single exit stair conditions only based on horizontal limits, including a maximum inhabited floor area of 300m2 per storey and no more than 3 dwelling units per storey and travel distance limits. Article 35 requires the single exit stair to be a ‘firefighting’ stair (safe evacuation stair) for apartment buildings of 16 or more storeys.
건축법 시행령
제34조(직통계단의 설치)
[Building Law Enforcement Decree] (2022)
Article 34 (Installation of Direct Stairs)
제34조(직통계단의 설치)
[Building Law Enforcement Decree] (2022)
Article 34 (Installation of Direct Stairs)
Japan
5 Storeys
Japan permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings of up to 5 storeys in building height with a maximum floor area per storey of 200m2 for non-combustible construction and 100m2 for other/combustible construction. This applies equally for apartment buildings as well as hotels, boarding houses, dormitories and ryokans (traditional Japanese inns).
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Japan permits a single exit for multi-unit residential buildings of up to 5 storeys in building height with a maximum floor area per storey of 200m2 for non-combustible construction and 100m2 for other/combustible construction. This applies equally for apartment buildings as well as hotels, boarding houses, dormitories and ryokans (traditional Japanese inns).
建築申請・25-7_階段
Building Application Memo 2020
Verified in correspondence with local architect Luis Oliveira
Tezuka Architects, Tokyo, Japan
Tezuka Architects, Tokyo, Japan
Singapore
60m
Singapore permits a single exit in apartment buildings up to 24m so long as the one-way travel distance is complied with, and exceeding 24m in height under the following conditions:
(a) The building’s habitable height does not exceed 60m, unless otherwise permitted by the SCDF.
(b) The single exit staircase shall serve not more than four apartments or maisonettes at each storey.
(c) Provision of exits for each residential apartment or maisonette shall comply with the requirements under Cl.9.2.1a.(5).
(d) Travel distance from the most remote exit door to the exit staircase from each apartment or maisonette shall not exceed 15m.
(e) The approach to the exit staircase shall be through cross-ventilated corridor/lobby in accordance with Cl.1.4.28, except that the ventilation openings shall have a minimum width of 2m and a minimum height of 1.2m, as well as the following requirements:
(i) the openings shall be unobstructed from the parapet wall or balustrade level upwards and be positioned on opposite sides of the corridor/lobby such that they provide cross ventilation throughout the entire space of the corridor/lobby; and
(ii) the entire cross-ventilated corridor/lobby shall be unobstructed and maintained at minimum 2m width throughout.
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(f) Where multiple ventilation openings are provided on opposite sides of the corridor/lobby, the minimum width and height of each opening shall not be less than 1m and 1.2m respectively, provided the aggregate width of the openings at each opposite side is not less than 2m. (See Diagram 9.2.1a.(4)(f))
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Singapore permits a single exit in apartment buildings up to 24m so long as the one-way travel distance is complied with, and exceeding 24m in height under the following conditions:
(a) The building’s habitable height does not exceed 60m, unless otherwise permitted by the SCDF.
(b) The single exit staircase shall serve not more than four apartments or maisonettes at each storey.
(c) Provision of exits for each residential apartment or maisonette shall comply with the requirements under Cl.9.2.1a.(5).
(d) Travel distance from the most remote exit door to the exit staircase from each apartment or maisonette shall not exceed 15m.
(e) The approach to the exit staircase shall be through cross-ventilated corridor/lobby in accordance with Cl.1.4.28, except that the ventilation openings shall have a minimum width of 2m and a minimum height of 1.2m, as well as the following requirements:
(i) the openings shall be unobstructed from the parapet wall or balustrade level upwards and be positioned on opposite sides of the corridor/lobby such that they provide cross ventilation throughout the entire space of the corridor/lobby; and
(ii) the entire cross-ventilated corridor/lobby shall be unobstructed and maintained at minimum 2m width throughout.
Singapore Civil Defence Force - Fire Code 2018 - Chapter 9 - Additional Requirements for Each Purpose Group
9.2 Purpose Group II Ocupancy
9.2.1.a. Means of escape
9.2 Purpose Group II Ocupancy
9.2.1.a. Means of escape
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
Hong Kong
6 storeys or 17m (uppermost finish floor height)
(1) Every building shall be provided with such means of escape in case of emergency as may be required by the intended use of the building.
(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1), every building which exceeds 6 storeys in height or in which the level of the floor of the uppermost storey is more than 17 m above the level of the ground at the point of discharge of the main staircase shall, in addition to the main staircase, be provided with a second staircase as means of escape in case of emergency. (L.N. 294 of 1976)
(1) Every building shall be provided with such means of escape in case of emergency as may be required by the intended use of the building.
(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1), every building which exceeds 6 storeys in height or in which the level of the floor of the uppermost storey is more than 17 m above the level of the ground at the point of discharge of the main staircase shall, in addition to the main staircase, be provided with a second staircase as means of escape in case of emergency. (L.N. 294 of 1976)
Building (Planning) Regulations - Cap. 123, Section 38 - Part V Staircases, Fire Escapes and Access for Firefighting and Rescue Purposes
41. Means of escape
41. Means of escape
Source credit to Harry Scoffin, journalist and building safety campaigner in the UK (December 2022)
Additional Information:
Dreiman, E. (2020). Ground Ladder Basics. International Society of Fire Service Instructors. https://www.isfsi.org/blog/ground-ladder-basics
U.S. Fire Administration National Fire Data Center. (2011). Fire Death Rate Trends: An International Perspective. FEMA, Topical Fire Report Series, Vol 12, Issue 8.
https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v12i8.pdf
Winberg, D. (2016). International Fire Death Rate Trends. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden.
https://www.brandforsk.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/international-fire-death-rate-trends.pdf
Statistics Canada. (2017). Fire statistics in Canada, Selected Observations from the National Fire Information Database 2005 to 2014.
http://nfidcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Fire-statistics-in-Canada-2005-to-2014.pdf
Clare, J. and Kelly, H. (2017). Fire and at risk populations in Canada - Analysis of the Canadian National Fire Information Database.
https://cjr.ufv.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Murdoch-University-Fire-and-at-Risk-Populations.pdf
https://www.iccsafe.org/products-and-services/global-services/global-codes/
https://e-one-aerials.com/cr-137-aerial-ladder-truck.html
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